High performance work system :: essays research papers

Superior work framework involves more prominent degree of association, ability advancement, responsibility, and skills of all representatives paying little heed to their capacity or level in the association. At the end of the day, they are basically work practice that can be purposely acquainted all together with improved authoritative presentation. An elite work framework would comprise 1.     Training. 2.     Performance administration. 3.     Compensation and advantages. 4.     Career turn of events. Worker preparing is significant in any associations. Representative aptitudes must be refreshed and changed consistently. There are seven sorts of significant preparing that associations give. They are relational abilities, specialized, business, required, individual administration, critical thinking or dynamic and individual. In Kassim Baba situation, they ought to give preparing as far as execution the board and critical thinking or dynamic though it will assist representative with improving work execution and settling on choice in regards to a specific issues. Execution the board is a procedure building up execution norms and assessing representative. Execution examination is a basic piece of execution the executives. A portion of the strategy are composed exposition, basic occurrences, realistic rating scales behaviourally secured rating scales, multiperson examinations, destinations, and 360-degree evaluations. Realistic rating scales are appropriate for Kassim Baba’s activity. This technique rates every worker in amount and nature of work, work information, collaboration, dedication, participation, trustworthiness, and activity. Compelling and fitting remuneration framework can help pull in and hold skillful and gifted people who help the association achieve its crucial objectives. There are numerous sort or rewards and advantages, for example, base wages and pay rates, compensation and pay additional items, and motivator installments. A decent method to remunerate workers for the activity aptitudes and abilities they can exhibit is expertise based compensation framework in which aptitudes characterize their compensation class. Be that as it may, there are a few factors that impact pay and advantages; they are employee’s residency and execution, sort of occupation performed, sort of business, unionization, work or capital serious, the board theory, land area, organization gainfulness and size of organization. Profession improvement is more spotlight on the worker as a person where it has been depicted as a limit less vocation wherein people as opposed to associations characterize profession movement, hierarchical dedication, significant abilities, and commercial center worth. Elite work framework :: papers research papers Elite work framework involves more prominent degree of inclusion, aptitude advancement, duty, and capabilities of all representatives paying little mind to their capacity or level in the association. As such, they are basically work practice that can be purposely acquainted all together with improved hierarchical execution. An elite work framework would comprise 1.     Training. 2.     Performance administration. 3.     Compensation and advantages. 4.     Career turn of events. Worker preparing is significant in any associations. Representative abilities must be refreshed and modified routinely. There are seven sorts of significant preparing that associations give. They are relational aptitudes, specialized, business, compulsory, individual administration, critical thinking or dynamic and individual. In Kassim Baba situation, they ought to give preparing as far as execution the board and critical thinking or dynamic though it will assist representative with improving work execution and settling on choice in regards to a specific issues. Execution the executives is a procedure setting up execution norms and assessing representative. Execution evaluation is a basic piece of execution the executives. A portion of the technique are composed exposition, basic occurrences, realistic rating scales behaviourally tied down rating scales, multiperson correlations, destinations, and 360-degree evaluations. Realistic rating scales are appropriate for Kassim Baba’s activity. This technique rates every worker in amount and nature of work, work information, collaboration, reliability, participation, trustworthiness, and activity. Powerful and proper remuneration framework can help draw in and hold capable and skilled people who help the association achieve its crucial objectives. There are numerous sort or rewards and advantages, for example, base wages and pay rates, compensation and pay additional items, and motivation installments. A decent method to compensate representatives for the activity abilities and capabilities they can exhibit is expertise based compensation framework in which aptitudes characterize their compensation classification. Nonetheless, there are a few factors that impact pay and advantages; they are employee’s residency and execution, sort of occupation performed, sort of business, unionization, work or capital concentrated, the executives reasoning, geological area, organization productivity and size of organization. Vocation improvement is more spotlight on the worker as a person where it has been portrayed as a limit less profession wherein people instead of associations characterize profession movement, hierarchical steadfastness, significant aptitudes, and commercial center worth.

Workload Management in Mental Healthcare

Outstanding burden Management in Mental Healthcare Outstanding burden Management/Transition to Practice (Mental Health) Recommended Evidence General Introduction The clinical setting I have decided for the outstanding burden the executives is Connolly Norman House Mental Health Clinic. For my multi week situation in this center I was working with the CMHNs from the Mater Sector Community Services. The points of the Mater Sector Team constantly centered around giving the best quality of care to every patient while working in association with the administration client and its family and regard the person’s independence. The Mater Sector Team comprised of two specialist therapists, two clinical enlistment centers, five CMHNs, one social laborer, one clinical clinician and one regulatory secretary. Different administrations which were connected to the facility incorporated the fundamental emergency clinic, the day medical clinic, day focuses and various other help administrations. Each CMHN had alloted various help clients for which she has assigned duty. Each patient’s care was arranged as a team with them and the measure of information gave to every patient relied upon how unwell someone was and how much info was important was chosen by the CMHN. So as to recognize the consideration needs of administration clients, the Bio-Psycho-Social Nursing Assessment is utilized in the specific clinical setting picked for this task. This model is recuperation situated and includes administration user’s assessments on what is required so as to improve their recuperation venture. The primary objective of this evaluation system is to engage the administration client re-increasing an actual existence, which incorporates obligation, decision, hazard taking, expectation and social consideration. The Quality Framework for Mental Health Services in Ireland (Mental Health Commission 2007) was the philosophical structure which guided my conveyance of nursing care. The system advances a client focused, recuperation centered methodology. It means to enable clients of the administration while likewise underlining the person’s venture towards recuperation. This system is exceptionally expansive and empowering as it applies to all administrations similarly in any case whether care is being conveyed in an in-quiet setting, in the network or in the home. Customer Work For the span of my multi week situation in this center I was appointed a caseload of five patients yet for this task I will concentrate just on three patients due to the word check limit. The patients to be taken onto my caseload were chosen by my preceptor and the different CMHNs. John is a multi year elderly person with a background marked by burdensome turmoil and tension. John lives alone and socially detaches himself. He is separated for a long time. He has two children yet has contact with just one of them who visits him consistently. His physical wellbeing isn't awesome as he has a past filled with diverticular sickness which causes him stomach and stomach torment. Right now, equitably John doesn't show any manifestations of sorrow or uneasiness and abstractly John revealed â€Å"I am feeling alright now.† John’s principle issue right now is that he keeps on being socially secluded and stays unmotivated to go out for strolls or to go to any of the gatherings in the Day Care Centers. At the point when I met John just because I educated him what my job is and together we concocted a consideration plan for him so as to decrease his social disconnection and to stay well in mental and physical wellbeing. The principal plan concocted was in conne ction with his every day schedule. I disclosed to him that fusing short strolls in his every day schedule will profit his physical and psychological well-being. I likewise disclosed to John that social collaboration is significant in decreasing and forestalling the side effects of melancholy. John likewise concurred for me to allude him to â€Å"Befriending† administrations so as to decrease his social disengagement as they can make accessible coordinated friendship once every week. John likewise concurred for me to visit him once per week and to go out for short strolls. For the initial fourteen days John denied going out for strolls along with me as we arranged beforehand. He was showing absence of inspiration and he would discover various motivations to abstain from going out. As a previous mental medical caretaker, John might consistently want to converse with me about his profession and the emergency clinic he was working with. As he was all the while living close by his past work environment, on my third visit I inquired as to whether he might want to show me around the grounds close to the medical clinic where he used to work. John was exceptionally glad about this and consented to take a walk. For the following hardly any weeks John had all the earmarks of being increasingly spurred to go out for strolls while me going with him and announced that he truly appreciates the strolls. Since John has a background marked by resistance with medicine, on every one of my home visits to him I guaranteed that he was accepting his prescription as recommended and checked his dosset box. Toward the finish of my arrangement John educated me that he is mingling more with his companions and consented to keep on going out for strolls not many times each week. Sarah is a multi year old woman with a determination of ceaseless neurotic schizophrenia with unmistakable negative manifestations. Sarah has two sisters and one sibling who kicked the bucket two years prior. She is living with her folks and they take care of her at home. Sarah has significant troubles in going to self-care and ADL’s when all is said in done. She has an absence of day by day schedule investing a lot of her energy in bed. She has disconnected herself from the outside world since her initial young years. Sarah has likewise trouble in holding data and can't go all alone around town as a result of her absence of mindfulness with respect to bearings and security. Along these lines, her folks dread of her government assistance or getting lost. Since Sarah’s drug was changed to Clozapine, she has been progressively intuitive with others and progressively starting discussion. She has likewise communicated an enthusiasm to go to the workmanship and music treatme nt bunch in a Day Center. I worked intimately with Sarah and together we concocted a consideration plan so as to improve her self-care and to have more structure for the duration of the day. She additionally concurred for me to go with her to the Day Center so as to go to the workmanship and music gatherings. This would improve her social action outside of home and her autonomy by improving her bearings aptitudes to and from the Day Center. Next, we detailed an arrangement to be followed each day and that comprise of her to have a shower in the first part of the day, getting her mum to set up the dinners for the afternoon and going out for strolls every day joined by one of her folks. While I went with Sarah to the Day Center I utilized picture and landmark distinguishing proof organizer to recognize what transport to get and what stop to hold up at. I likewise permitted Sarah to lead the path with insignificant help. Toward the finish of my arrangement Sarah had more structure to h er day and her mum educated me that she could see a genuine improvement in Sarah’s conduct while going to her exercises of every day living. Sarah’s connection with others in the day community likewise improved and she detailed that she truly appreciates the gatherings. She was as yet uncertain of transport course numbers yet she had the option to lead the route from the bus station to her home. Sarah and her family were enchanted of her enhancements. Mary is a multi year old woman with a long history of neurotic schizophrenia. Mary has one girl and after the partition from her significant other, she lived with her mom who might care for her and her little girl. Since her mom kicked the bucket twenty years back Mary lives all alone yet her girl and her sister visit her consistently. Right now Mary’s mental state is steady and she conforms to the drug endorsed. Notwithstanding, Mary feels that her memory is poor and she is stressed over not having the option to oversee covering the tabs. After I had been acquainted with Mary, together we formulated a consideration plan so as to decrease her nervousness in connection of not having the option to recollect things and to lessen her concerns in regards to bills. Mary consented to utilize a note pad to record what she needs to recollect. I additionally urged her to go to for an appraisal with psychiatry of mature age and she concurred for me to converse with one of the specialists in the facility about this. Mary likewise concurred for me to finish a spending plan structure for her and to send it to†¦.I additionally urged her to take care of the tabs week after week until this would become effective. Moreover, I exhorted Mary to have progressively social outlets by going to day administrations or network social administrations. Mary concurred with this and requested that I allude her to one of the day habitats. Toward the finish of my work with Mary she educated me that utilizing the scratch pad helped her altogether about reviewing things she needs to do and that she is utilizing it all the time. I likewise educated Mary that I was in contact with one of the foundation associations and they consented to assist her with covering the tabs until she could utilize the spending plan and she was content with this. Mary keeps on going to a day place once every week and she thinks that its truly pleasant. Mary was satisfied with the assistance she got from me as she educated me and I prompted her to contact the CMHN on the off chance that she has concerns in regards to her emotional well-being and for help. The executives Tasks During my arrangement, I completed various regulatory and the executives errands, including: picking up the telephone and taking messages for different individuals from the group, conveying forward patient’s arrangements for their terminal infusions and requesting from the drug store if important. I would likewise partake in arranging and recording clinical and nursing notes. Seeing that there was a managerial secretary in the facility she did a considerable lot of the authoritative undertakings. Remaining task at hand Management For this task I will portray a regular working day inside Mater Services Team in the center of Connolly Norman House. The day as a rule initiates at 9:00hrs and closes at 17:00hrs. In the wake of showing up I educated my preceptor that I need to do two home visits to two of

How the Norm of Reciprocity Works

How the Norm of Reciprocity Works Theories Social Psychology Print How the Norm of Reciprocity Works By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 17, 2020 Natalie Racioppa/Getty Images More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology The norm of reciprocity sometimes referred to as the rule of reciprocity, is a social norm where if someone does something for you, you then feel obligated to return the favor. One area where this norm is commonly employed is in the field of marketing. Marketers utilize a broad range of strategies to convince consumers to make purchases. Some are straightforward such as sales, coupons, and special promotions. Others are far more subtle and make use of principles of human psychology of which many people are not even aware. How It Works Have you ever felt obligated to do something for someone because they first did something for you? The norm of reciprocity is just one type of social norm that can have a powerful influence on our behavior. Reciprocity norm operates on a simple principle: We tend to feel obligated to return favors after people do favors for us. When your new neighbors bring  over a plate of cookies to welcome you to the neighborhood, you might feel obligated to return the favor when they ask you to take care of their dog while they are on vacation. Examples of Reciprocity in Action Just how powerful is the norm of reciprocity? In 1974, sociologist Phillip Kunz conducted an experiment. He mailed out handwritten Christmas cards with a note and photograph of him and his family to approximately 600 randomly selected people. All of the recipients of the cards were complete strangers. Shortly after mailing the cards, responses began trickling in. Kunz received nearly 200 replies. Why would so many people reply to a complete stranger? This is the rule of reciprocity at work. Since Kunz had done something for them (sent a thoughtful note during the holiday season), many recipients felt obligated to return the favor. More examples of reciprocity: A salesperson giving a freebie to a potential customer, hoping that it will lead them to return the favor by purchasing somethingA leader offering attention and mentorship to followers in exchange for loyalty??Offering customers some valuable information in exchange for signing up for future marketing offers Explanations Such behavior has a few obvious benefits. For one thing, taking care of others helps the survival of the species.?? By reciprocating, we ensure that other people receive help when they need it and that we receive assistance when we need it. Reciprocity also allows people to get things done that they would not be able to do on their own. By working together or exchanging services, people are able to accomplish more than they would individually. Why Helping Others Is Important Reciprocity and Persuasion There are a number of persuasion techniques that employ the tactic of reciprocity.?? These strategies are used by people who are trying to persuade you to take action or conform with a request, such as salespeople or politicians. One of these is known as the thats-not-all technique. Lets say youre shopping for a new mobile phone. The salesperson shows your phone and tells you the price, but youre still not quite sure. If the salesperson offers to add a phone case at no additional charge, you might feel like hes doing you a favor, which in turn might make you feel obligated to buy the phone. Can You Resist Reciprocity? In many cases, the reciprocity norm is actually a good thing. It helps us behave in socially acceptable ways and allows us to engage in a social give-and-take with the people around us. But what should you do if you are trying to overcome the urge to reciprocate, such as trying to avoid the need to purchase an item after receiving a freebie? Some tips that can help: Give it some time. Experts suggest that the urge to reciprocate is strongest immediately after the initial exchange.?? If you can wait, you will probably feel less pressure to return the favor.Evaluate the exchange. Think about whether the favor measures up to the expected return. In many cases, the initial gift or favor is much smaller than the requested return favor. Finally, be aware that engaging in that first reciprocal exchange can make it more likely that youll respond to other, often bigger, requests in the future. In marketing, this is often called the Foot in the Door technique. Someone starts off by making a small request, and once you agree to it, they then make a much bigger request. Understanding how the reciprocity norm influences behavior may help you better evaluate persuasive messages and requests. How to Be Persuasive

Anthropology Is The Comparative Study Of Human Societies,...

Anthropology is the comparative study of human societies, cultures and their development. There is a need to understand various human aspects both in the past and in the present which has led to a massive growth in the field. Cultural anthropology specifically analyses the norms and the values of societies (Bodley, 4). Anthropologist should have a strong understanding of the interactions that exist between human beings and their environment. It is important for anthropologist to carry out case studies, visit study sites and get first-hand information on what exactly emerges in the study setting because it opens a different perspective. The case study I have chosen is based on the interactions that exist between the tourists and locals around the Statue of Liberty. It is important to investigate how the Statue of Liberty brings together different groups of people and culture because it is a key part in a society. The aim of the case study is to analyze the relationships that exists amongst the people that visit the statue. Some key factors are played by various ethnographic features such as racial, ethnic, and gender in the interactions observed amongst the people. Questions that should be answered are: the roles played by ethnographic factors in the interaction, and the influence that people bring into the area. The study involves observation and note taking as a major research method. Observing how people interact and taking note of some actions that the tourists and theShow MoreRelatedAnthropology : A Study Of Humanity1202 Words   |  5 PagesGenerally, anthropology can be defined as the study of humanity. This includes every aspect of the human condition: language, history, culture, biology, past and present. Anthropology is all encompassing and due to its breadth, it can be considered both a study in humanities and science. However, anthropology is easily distinguishable from both hard sciences and humanities. The aspects that distinguish anthropology lie mostly in the methodology that anthropologists use to study human beings. MethodologyRead MoreAsdfghjkl894 Words   |  4 PagesSociology Research Area * * Aging and the Life Course * Alcohol and Substance Abuse * Asia amp; Asian America * Collective Behavior and Social Movements * Community and Urban Sociology * Comparative and Historical Sociology * Sociology and Computers * Crime, Law amp; Deviance * Economic Sociology * Environment amp; Technology * Family amp; Marriage * History of Sociology * International Migration * Latino/aRead MoreThe Full Scope Of Human Life871 Words   |  4 PagesHumans are an interesting species because of the strong need humans have to fully understand what it truly means to be human. Many fields such as history, psychology, and sociology all offer a perspective in the study of humanity, but there are distinguishable from anthropology. Anthropology differs from other humanities fields due to its holistic nature, comparative research methods, and the strong emphasis on fieldwork and participant interaction. Anthropology is the study of people throughoutRead MoreThe Anthropological Approach and Its Unique Perspective Can Contribute to the Search for Solutions to Contemporary Human Problems†1060 Words   |  5 Pagessearch for solutions to contemporary human problems† -With reference to Globalization- Anthropology refers to the study of humanity. Anthropologists do not discriminate against culture, gender or race but study all societies and are concerned with the totality of human existence. Ethnography is often seen as the hallmark of anthropology and it consists of fieldwork, which is used to acquire the information and insights needed to understand different societies ways of life. Fieldwork entails goingRead MoreMorgan and Tyler1099 Words   |  5 Pagesbiological concept of progress and development. The theory states that organisms were meant to increase in complexity, and later on included cultural and social evolution by comparing primitive tribal groups to modern society, and studying how certain aspects in the tribal groups were repeated all over the continent. Edward B. Tylor and Lewis H. Morgan brought the term evolution to anthropology, which makes them crucial to the growth and improvement of anthropology. Morgan focused on buildingRead MoreThree Disciplines1097 Words   |  5 PagesThe Three Disciplines all appeal to me in some ways, but if I had to choose between anthropology, psychology, and sociology, I would have to choose psychology. The reasoning behind it will be explained in detail but it can be broken down to three main reasons; being the first discipline with verified results and facts rather than unproven theories, having more post-high school opportunities considering that I wish to pursue a career in business, and being the most in-depth discipline. PsychologyRead MoreThe Archaeological Theory Of Practice1451 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Archaeological Theory in Practice textbook, the positive legacies of Culture History are detailed by V. Gordon Childe’s archaeological theory processes. It emphasized that cultural History subdivided historical societies into distinct ethnic and cultural groups by their physical culture, rejecting a comparative method and independent cultural development, with documentation reflecting the development of specific groups have distinctive set of traits unique to each cultural group. It explainedRead MoreAnthropology : Indigenous People And Tribes Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pages Anthropology: Indigenous People/Tribes Change due to Outside Contact Outside Contact does not inevitably result in depopulation, despite the fact, that in many cases, it is followed by cultural and social disintegration. I will bring up the reasons to why outside contact change tribes, and why these their cultures change over time due to outside contact. So what is Social Anthropology, and how does it relate to Australian Aborigines? Social Anthropology is the comparative studyRead MoreFieldwork in Various Anthropological Schools of Thought Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesCultural anthropology is a social science that studies the origins and development of human societies (History World International, 2001). Many theories to explain cultural variations among humans have emerged. As a result, numerous anthropological schools of thought have been established based on these theories since the nineteenth century. These schools of thought encompass the dominant beliefs about culture during a time period and are constantly changing as new knowledge is acquired. As schoolsRead MoreEdward Bernett Was An English Anthropologist And The Founder Of Cultural Anthropology984 Words   |  4 Pagescultural anthropology. Tylor was focused on defining the context of the scientific study of anthropology that was based on evolutionary theories insp ired by Darwin and Lyell. His stance as an evolutionist fueled his belief that researching the prehistory and the history of man could be used to compare and reform modern societies. Therefore, through the use of the comparative method and historical ethnography, which included travel logs, Tylor attempted to reveal the stages of development of cultures/civilizations

Essay about Night By Elie Wiesel DOK Questions - 1285 Words

Night By Elie Wiesel Taylor Brennan October 2014 Period 6 Senior English Ms. Scimone/Hagis Chapter 1 DOK Questions: 1. Identify one character trait of Elies father. Elies father doesnt display his feelings, and he is rather distant from his family. 2. Organise the events from 1941-1944. 1941: Elie meets Moishe the Beatle when he is 13. 1942: All foreign Jews were expelled from Sighet, including Elies friend, Moishe. 1943: Daily bombings of Germany and Stalingrad occurred. 1944: German Army vehicles come into Sighet. Rules and regulations for all Jews came into effect. 3. Cite evidence to prove how the Germans manipulated the Jews. They acted politely to the women in their homes to gain†¦show more content†¦The novel also mentions the stench of burning flesh on page 28. 3. Compare and contrast the behaviour of the Germans towards the Jews in chapter 1 and then in chapter 2. In chapter 1, the Germans were kind and polite to the Jews in order to gain their trust. For example, the Germans treated the women with respect and bought them chocolates. In chapter 2, this behaviour changed dramatically. For example, the German officers beat the Jews and had them cramped into cattlecars until they reached their destination, which was Auschwitz. This treatment is also a form of irony for the Jewish people, as they did not expect this behaviour from the polite German officers they had come to know in chapter 1. 4. Analyse how the Jews turned against each other in the cattlecars and throughout the novel. In chapter 2, the reader can infer that the Jews turn against one another. For example, When Mrs. Schà ¤chter was yelling about the fire, the Jews attempted to calm down/soothe her. As time passed, her screams excelled and were causing the passengers to become upset and anxious. They then started to beat Mrs. Schà ¤chter to silence her. The reader can also infer that this behaviour continues throughout the novel because nobody can trust anyone and the Jews had to fend for themselves in these harsh concentration camps. Taylor Brennan October 2014 Period 6 Senior English Ms. Scimone/Hagis Chapter 3 DOK Questions: 1. Recall Elies concerns when

Payment security Free Essays

Most online customers expect to be able to pay for their goods online by credit or debit card. However, they want to be insure that their details will be kept confidential. To be secure all online payments must be: * Private and confidential only between customer and seller. We will write a custom essay sample on Payment security or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Conveyed intact and without any changes during transition. * Deleted fro the system after payment has been completed. SSL (Secure Socket Layer) allows standard browser such as Internet Explorer to send and receive information securely. Provides its users with secure payment, its users can check it by looking locked padlock symbol or â€Å"https† on the address line. SET (Secure Electronic Transfer) is more secure for online payments then SSL because information of the card e.g. card number wont be shown to seller, as when a cards company will authenticate the card through a digital signature. Unfamiliar trading conditions Unfamiliar trading can affect both, the business and its customers. The main reason for this is that online trading was relatively slow to take of, as customers were worried about buying services and goods online. However, once a new customer bought something online without any problems he/she becomes more confident to shop online. Businesses that are less successful than anticipated could have unsold products therefore they may struggle to pay money back which they have borrowed to pay website development. If customer that shop online won’t get their answer quickly and receive the order on time then customers are unlikely to use their service or buy goods from that business in future. Read this  Chapter 2 – Why Security is Needed Errors in ordering However, order forms to be foolproof. This is possible to minimize customer errors. This corresponds to other customers making this error, such as making duplicate the original form twice. There has to be a comprehensive return policy which takes the legal right of customers present. You must enter the information before the order can be accepted. Most of the forms are designed this way. This could be useful in large amount of quantities or other similar errors that are reported before the order is complete. However, this could be an automated process. In order to this very large (or preferably copying) orders may be singled out so that the customer can be contacted by a call phone or email before they can go ahead with anything. Customers that do online shopping are guaranteed to be protected by the law, that states the Sales of Goods Act and also the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 this also applies to all other customers. There is also another act (The Sales and Supply of goods to Consumers Regulations 2002) which also gives customers right to return any goods that are damaged, this refers if the were bough in a store or on the net. Customers have the right to hand in any items which has been damaged for another item of better quality for whatever reason it may be. For an example items such as clothes that are not of the correct size or that is not a real product (duplicate, this can be checked on the actual website) can be refunded. Potential use of personal information Due to personal information organisations that keep forwent information about individuals whether on a PC system or in written words should be vital to register the information commissioner and comply with the terms with the Data Protection Act 1998. This means that the data in the PC or on paper must be accurate. This must be kept secure as long as necessary. However, this means that other businesses cannot make this information be visible on the website or misplace any details of customer to other individuals. In relation to this website must include privacy policy that ensures how information is to be used wisely by the business. This also relates to visitors which have collected by cookies and/or during a registration or ordering process. The PCECR (Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations) also gives other businesses permission to send people via emails to individuals who have opt in by giving the permission to receive them. This means the do not have the right to send promotional emails without the candidates/clients promotion. This refers to why such emails also include the option for the client to unsubscribe at any time. Vulnerability to hostile attack It states that accordingly to the (NHTCU) which stands for National Hi-Tech Crime Unit. Cybercrime could cost UK businesses a tremendous worth of billions of pounds per annum. Not only large scale business which are threatened by hackers, spoof websites or denial of services attack. For example when few set up his highly successful website which was a million dollars he was also treated by the (DOS) attacks this to black mail blackmail demands which were high. In this case a DOS attack only occurs when a certain website is overloaded with highly useful data via email in the short period of time so that the website is brought back down. Websites are together by same users which are most known as hack mailers when they are at the most vulnerable state these for times such as seasonal times for example Christmas at time like this hack mailer would loose a retailer a sum gaining up to a million worth of pounds. A spoof is the definition of when a hijacker duplicates a website as a version of which customers may use, this will make customers think that they were dealing with actual organisation. However, this is easy to spot because it is copied very badly and links are replaced which lead to some illegal pornographic sites this is usually to mislead the companies reputation. This could be fatal as customers are asked to enter their bank details or credit card details which can be obtained by hackers which take all the customer money. Financial fraud can be caused by hackers getting into the organisations bank account. To the firm when payments are siphoned off or directed to the spoof site or even when customers are sent spoof mail asking for details which are personal this is also known as (phishing) Operational risks Website updating All websites must have someone to look after it and be updating it regularly so information is correct, up to date and all the products that are not in stock have a note â€Å"out of stock†. The inferior thing is for customer to see that pages where not updated for a long period of time, for example a year or more. In some ways wrong or out-of date information can cause serious issues. Liability for wrong or out of date information Under the act of Trades Descriptions Act and E-commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002 the information which is provided on the website must be stated correctly. A business that purposely gives wrong information could be recognised under these two acts. If customer chooses to react based on the outdated and incorrect information there might be a case to give an answer- even thought many websites have a ‘disclaimer’ to covet that type of issue. In relation this refers to website. For example NHS has to be more aware about accuracy of the information it gives than Asda. Language problems with global customer base World wide businesses that usually have a lot of customers should give their customers a choice of different languages. To help customers to notice that website has different languages that they can use. They can put a country flag at the top corner of the site. Other smaller businesses that are national businesses do not provide this feature to their customers. Therefore there is bigger possibility that other nationality customers might get mixed up when they will want to buy goods. This is the main reason why many organisations take disclaimer clauses. Therefore websites such as Marks and Spenser only take orders that matches description accurately that is on the site, also firm is not responsible for any product to be used out of the country. Small businesses which wish to sell goods to outside businesses have two options to choose from. They can to work through a local agent or to have expectation for their service translation. It must be completed by specialist because online translators that can be found via Google are only useful for phrases to a pen friend, not for significant documents. Hardware and software failures All of PC users are depended on their internet service provider to have access to go online. However all internet services have technical faults and user will lose access to the internet until fault is not repaired. This can cause serious trouble to any online business especially if the website is not working for any period of time. There might not be any problems with ISP. However, the system itself can build up a fault. Software can be spoiled and hardware could break down. This is the mail reason why many online businesses have a back up servers, therefore if one server breaks down it will automatically switch to the second server. Software problems can be caused by several things for example programming error or in the course of a virus. None of these methods will help, even if there is a foremost failure. That’s why some online businesses have their websites hosted offsite in a safe area where they have experts that are accessible to fix and re-establish the system quickly. Data loss There are many reasons data to be lost. In fact there are 1.7 million reports acknowledged in Europe of data loss every year. The main reasons for data lost are: * Theft, for example laptop theft- 5% of data loss every year * Computer virus – 7% of data loss every year * Software file corruption- 13% of data loss every year * Human error, for example unintentional removal-31% of data loss every year * Hardware failure, for example drive failure-41% of data loss every year * Hardware loss for example during flood or fire- 3% of data loss every year It is very recommended for online businesses to do daily back ups because if there are any problems they can always reinstall its system within 24 hours of the problem happening. In addition it is also ordinary to back up system before making any changes, therefore if there are any problems system can be restored easily. Individual users should also train them selves to keep important data safe and back up their files regularly. Global business regulations Many people know that there are many differences between Britain and other countries. A packet of crisps or box of chocolate that you buy on holiday, even if they are made in UK they will still have a different package and will be in a language of that country the they are sold. Cars are made with left or right hand drive, record distance travelled in miles or kilometres, and is intended to fulfil with specific system on emissions and noise levels- which again vary from one country to another. Any type of business that is intending to sell on a global basis have to be ensure that all products fulfil with the appropriate law and technical policy that apply in that country of sale. Even if the country is English speaking it doesn’t mean that it will have the same laws. For example Australia has different principles than UK, therefore many goods have to be customized or â€Å"Australianised† before the can be sold there. Many countries have different laws, for example in USA health and safety equipments are different from UK and other European countries. Therefore if specific product fails to meet the terms that apply in that country, then product will be banded from entering the country. How to cite Payment security, Papers

Communication Between Healthcare Professionals and Women

Question: Discuss about the Communication Between Healthcare Professionals and Women. Answer: Introduction: Ability to communicate effectively is one of the tools in communication learned in this topic. In order to convey information, nurses should have effective communication skills. Communications can be in different categories, which include written, non-verbal communication, verbal communication, and the use of visualizations. Communication between two persons or more should be perceived as a process. Effective communication skills are very important in the healthcare sector. Good communication skills help to create a good relationship between the patient and health professionals. The healthcare professionals must have good communication skills in order to be able to explain a condition and treatment with a patient, communicating with other healthcare professionals and communicating bad news. In many healthcare professional programs, communication skills and knowledge are very vital. Good communication skills by the health professionals are important in identifying patients problems in a more accurate manner (Stead, 2016). Effective communication by healthcare professionals is the core for offering quality healthcare. The patients need and require support and help from other people. Contact between the health profession and a potential patient requires respectful, considerate, helpful, and courteous communication. Patients usually feel good when they get the responses they want from their health professionals, this experience is important as the patients become more cooperative and can keep in contact with the healthcare providers. If the encounter between the healthcare professionals and the patient brought out a negative experience after communication, the patient can limit further contact. Depending on the importance to complete their care, limited contact can lead to serious consequences. They may end up avoiding instructions given to them by their healthcare professions. Response to Post As mentioned in the post, critical thinking is imperative to a healthcare student. In this case, through critical thinking, the student will have a better understand of the information learned to give them the ability to explain the same to others. In addition, I agree that critical thinking can enable the student to develop a framework, which they can use to practice rational standards. Its significance is in the clinical practice where nursing students can make assessments and reviews to improve the outcome. Therefore, critical thinking for nursing student is important in the assertion of solid arguments when making clinical presentations Reference List Moore, P.M., Rivera Mercado, S., GrezArtigues, M. and Lawrie, T.A., 2013. Communication skills training for healthcare professionals working with people who have cancer. The Cochrane Library. Stead, M.L., Brown, J.M., Fallowfield, L., and Selby, P., 2016.Lack of communication between healthcare professionals and women with ovarian cancer about sexual issues.British journal of cancer, 88(5), pp.666-671.

Children diagnosed with Down syndrome

The Elizabethan Times essays

The Elizabethan Times essays Even though the past is the past there are multiple eras that changed things around the same period. The Elizabethan Era began in 1558 and lasted until 1603 well after Britains most honorable queen passed away. During this time period every aspect of life was considerably complex and in our eyes abnormal, such thing would consist of everything from currency to lifestyles and as every one knows religion. While the Britain was going through all of these dramatic changes the most influential poet/play writer was born, William Shakespeare. Shakespeare contributed to in the evolution and growth of England like your couldnt imagine. In his 40 some years of literary creativity, Shakespeare was solely responsible for the creation of numerous life-altering plays such as Romeo most importantly because of Shakespeares involvement in play writing, Theatre flourished during the Elizabethan Era. A change theatres as well as culture were dramatic occurrences in the Queens era and thanks to the anc ient Britishs mind boggling customs we are what we are today. Queen Elizabeth I inherited the throne in 1558 at a youthful age of twenty-five. With her reign the English Renaissance lasted from the day she took the throne to 1603 (The Elizabethan ERA, 2000-2003). During her fearless reign things such as literature, theater, and every form of the arts flourished. Probably most known to the educational world, the famous play writer William Shakespeare was born and expressed his love for literature. The Elizabethan Era was a period in time, which shaped and bolded the views and aspects of our present day lives. Even though during the Elizabethan Era a monarch such as Queen Elizabeth I reigned civilization began to become just a little more civilized. Religion was a thing that every one had in the Elizabethan Era. We were all brought up to be Christians of one sort or another (Secara, 2002). The...

AT&T Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AT&T - Essay Example The core assumption behind this movement of net income is the increasing expected costs and expenses of the company of the forth-coming periods. A little variation is the assets of the company is forecasted and the levels of assets are not expected to increase or decrease significantly. The company plans to reduce the levels of its equity in the future periods with minor deductions. AT&T tries to improve the paid dividends by increasing the value slightly every year, these movements show that the organization is planning and persuading an organic growth for the future periods. The cash flow generation is likely to drop down every year due to increased expected expenses. Due to increased expenses, the profit margins of the company will be affected and expected to fall in the future periods. The retention ratio also signifies the affect of gradual declinations of retained profits over the years and is dropping down following the same trend of Earnings of the company. The asset turnover is expected to increase due to increasing sale and reducing assets, the ratio is expected to improve continuously every year. The financial gearings of the company are assumed to remain stable with little variation that will make the company more predictable to the investors by consistency in the in the operational and financial sustainability of the organization. (Helfert,

RIVERS AND ETHINIC'S 3WA Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

RIVERS AND ETHINIC'S 3WA - Article Example The above is evident in situation that life was saved and afterwards, the same patients wonder why that is pertinent to him or her (Burkhardt, 2008.p.12). Having put that across, it is pertinent for every nurse to realize the important of his or her decision to the patients. The responsibility of the nurses is that they are expected to be altruistic. The above means that nursing professionals should have ethical obligation by serving others without considering self-interest. According to experts, they affirm that an altruistic nurse will only make decision that interests the patients. It follows that, being an advocate to the patient, it is important for the nurses to practice excellent nursing ethnics. Now days, with the improvised and modern technology, nurses can keep individuals alive indefinitely, argues Colleen Moore. Despite of the ability to keep a patient alive indefinitely, to some extent the same may not be a good idea to the patients themselves. Some of the difficult ques tions that the medics ask themselves is that, despite of exposing patients on a life supporting machine, pump nutrients in them and hook them up in several tubes, is that a patients ‘ best option?. ... As nursing, it is necessary that the above decision be respected even if there is a chance of saving the life. Further, another challenge is that some patients may refuse to receive chemotherapy and it is important to respect that decision (Aiken, 1994. p.24). The book acknowledges the fact that sometimes family can make decisions due to lack of understanding or grief. Here, if the above dilemma arises that is when a strong committee of ethnics can be invaluable service. The article further outlines that committee on ethnics can primarily make decisions that best suits the patient despite of the different cultural beliefs of the patients, the expected outcomes and the wishes of the patients (Hunt, 1996.p. 14). It is surprising to note that to some extent the ethical committee can take off the large burden that the family as well, as patient is going through. With the above in minds, it is important to note that nurse practice act and code of ethnics are vital guidelines governing the behaviors of the nurses though the documents are not specific. Here, the document has limitations to extent that one cannot know wrong or right and so, the above is a decision left for the nurses to decide for themselves. In general, it is important to know that ethnics is something that encompasses the interpretation of the individuals, since it is based on the individual values and morals. Therefore, the article concludes that despite of the availability of NPA and Code, it is pertinent for the nurses to follow their own decision basing on the interest of the patients. Another pertinent article is the nursing ethical dilemmas. Here, Cathy Fant insinuates that nurses usually face

Management of Shoulder Dystocia: A Reflective Essay

Management of Shoulder Dystocia: A Reflective Essay Title: A reflective essay on how you would manage a shoulder dystocia as an obstetric emergency in a stand alone midwife led unit.   Undergraduate Degree Level Essay 1,000 Words Essay The condition of shoulder dystocia is diagnosed when the delivery of the foetal head is prevented by the impaction of one of the foetal shoulders within the mother’s pelvis. Simple head traction or episiotomy alone will not resolve the condition Shoulder dystocia is a complication of labour which is notoriously difficult to manage. It has a high complication rate and an increased rate of mortality. A number of studies have highlighted the fact that management is not always optimal. (Crofts, et al. 2006). Two UK studies produced similar findings that avoidable factors were identifiable in 66% of the perinatal deaths associated with shoulder dystocia. The definition of â€Å"avoidable factors† being a different management would have produced a better outcome. This malpresentation occurs in about 2% of vaginal deliveries and common associated morbidities include permanent brachial plexus injury, fracture of the clavicle, foetal haematoma and hypoxic brain injury. (Draycott, et al. 2008). Because the majority of cases of shoulder dystocia occur in the absence of predictable risk factors, all healthcare professionals in charge of a delivery should have an optimal plan to resolve shoulder dystocia in the safest way possible in any given circumstance. Management The management of shoulder dystocia is a subject that has acquired a large literature in its own right. It is therefore not appropriate to discuss it in great detail. Many of the studies done on the subject have identified a number of â€Å"critical tasks† in the delivery process. These include recognizing shoulder dystocia, asking for additional help, calling for paediatricians to be attend the delivery, applying gentle downward traction on the fetal head, placing the patient in McRoberts position, and applying appropriate suprapubic pressure. (Deering, et al. 2005) A number of mechanisms have been advised in the literature and these include rotational manoeuvre (Rubins or Woodscrew), episiotomy, delivery of the posterior arm, fracture of clavicle, symphysiotomy, all-fours manoeuvre, a cephalic replacement (Zavenelli) manoeuvre if other manoeuvres were not successful. (Crofts et al. 2008) Predisposing factors. Shoulder dystocia appears to occur in cases where there are no discernable predisposing factors however, there are some conditions that appear to make it more likely. The strongest single predictor appears to be foetal macrosomia. A number of authorities have suggested that maternal obesity is an association of the condition, but the meticulous study by Robinson showed conclusively that it was only obesity in diabetic mothers (that was associated with macrosomia) that had a high incidence of shoulder dystocia. Other causes of obesity did not have this association. (Robinson, et al. 2003) Gonen was able to report that a critical weight appeared to be 4,500 g with 33% of infants over this weight having shoulder dystocia and only 2% who were under it. (Gonen, et al. 1996) Birth position There appears to be considerable controversy regarding the ideal birth position. The McRoberts position (with maternal hips in flexion), combined with suprapubic pressure, has been reported as resolving 50% of identified cases of shoulder dystocia (German, et al. 1997). It is thought to achieve its effect through a rotation of the symphysis pubis and flattening of the sacrum. This, together with fundal pressure, is believed to reduce the possibility of the anterior shoulder being impacted under the symphysis pubis. There are some reports of the possibility of increased maternal morbidity (Heath, et al. 1999) and lack of effect (Beall, et al. 2003) Reflection. On a personal note, I have reflected on my own practice in dealing with cases of shoulder dystocia. As a result of researching this essay I have resolved to further explore the evidence base for dealing with the situation, because critical analysis of some of the papers read have challenged some of the ideas that I had previously believed to be true. In particular, I note papers which have analysed the behaviour of the responsible clinician in cases of shoulder dystocia and have been concerned about the frequent lack of paediatric back up. This has been identified as a failure on the part of the lead clinician, who is often so engrossed in the management of the condition that back up is simply overlooked. I have personally experienced cases where this has occurred and believe that a high degree of assertiveness is required if I see that it has been overlooked in the future. References Beall M H, Spong C Y, Ross M G (2003) A Randomized Controlled Trial of Prophylactic Maneuvers to Reduce Head-to-Body Delivery Time in Patients at Risk for Shoulder Dystocia. Obstetrics Gynecology 2003; 102: 31 35 Crofts J F, Bartlett C, Ellis D, Hunt L P, Fox R, Draycott T J (2006) Training for Shoulder Dystocia : A Trial of Simulation Using Low-Fidelity and High-Fidelity Mannequins : Obstetrics Gynecology 2006; 108 : 1477 1485 Crofts J F, Bartlett C, Ellis D, Winter C, Donald F, Hunt L P, Draycott T J (2008) Patient-actor perception of care: a comparison of obstetric emergency training using manikins and patient-actors. Qual. Saf. Health Care, February 1, 2008; 17 (1): 20 24. Deering S, Satin A J (2005) Evaluation of Residents Delivery Notes After a Simulated Shoulder Dystocia. Obstet. Gynecol., February 1, 2005; 105 (2): 448 449. Draycott T J, Crofts J F, Ash J P, Wilson L V, Yard E, Sibanda T, Whitelaw A. (2008) Improving Neonatal Outcome Through Practical Shoulder Dystocia Training. Obstet. Gynecol., July 1, 2008; 112 (1): 14 20. German R B, Goodwin T M, Souter I, Neumann K, Ouzounian J G, Paul R H. The McRoberts’ maneuver for the alleviation of shoulder dystocia: How successful is it? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176 : 656 – 61. Gonen R, Spiegel D, Abend M. Is macrosomia predictable and are shoulder dystocia and birth trauma preventable? Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88 : 526 – 9. Heath L T, Gherman R B. Symphyseal separation, sacroiliac joint dislocation and transient lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy associated with McRoberts’ maneuver. J Reprod Med 1999; 44 : 902 – 4 Robinson H, Tkatch S, Mayes D C, Bott N, Okun N. (2003) Is Maternal Obesity a Predictor of Shoulder Dystocia? Obstetrics Gynecology 2003; 101 : 24 27 ############################################################### 12.8.08 Word count 1,060 PDG Different Medicinal Plants: Use Of Different Medicinal Plants: Use Of MEDICINAL PLANTS This section consist a list of sub-groups that gives information about Introduction, Importance, Systems of medicine, Utilization of medicinal plants. Introduction to Medicinal plants: About 250,000 higher plant species on earth, more than 80,000 species are reported to have at least some medicinal value and around 5000 species have specific therapeutic value. Herbs are staging a comeback and herbal renaissance is happening all over the globe. The herbal products today symbolize safety in compare to the synthetics that are considered as unsafe to human and environment. Even though herbs had been priced for their medicinal, flavoring and aromatic qualities for centuries, the synthetic products of the modern age surpassed their importance, for a while. However, the blind dependence on synthetics is over and people are returning to the herbals with hope of safety and security. Over three-quarters of the world population relies mainly on plants and plant extracts for health care. More than 30% of the entire plant species were used for medicinal purposes. (Joy, P.P., 2001) Herbals in world market: It is estimated that world market for plant derived drugs may account for about Rs.2, 00,000 crores. Presently, Indian contribution is less than Rs.2000 crores. The annual production of medicinal and aromatic plants raw material is worth about Rs.200 crores. This is likely to reach US $5 trillion by 2050. It has been estimated that in developed countries such as United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries such as China and India, the contribution is as much as 80%. Thus, the economic importance of medicinal plants is much more to countries such as India than to rest of the world. (Joy, P.P., 2001) Biodiversity of herbals in India: India is one of the worlds 12 biodiversity centers with the presence of over 45000 different plant species. Indias diversity is UN compared due to the presence of 16 different agro-climatic zones, 10 vegetation zones, 25 biotic provinces and 426 biomes (habitats of specific species). Among these, about 15000-20000 plants have good medicinal value. However, only 7000-7500 species are used for their medicinal values by traditional communities. In India, drugs of plant origin have been used in traditional systems of medicines such as Unani and Ayurveda since ancient times. The Ayurveda system of medicine uses about 700 species, Unani 700, Siddha 600, Amchi 600 and modern medicine around 30 species. About 8,000 herbal remedies have been included in Ayurveda. The Rig-Veda (5000 BC) has recorded 67 medicinal plants, Yajurveda 81 species, Atharvaveda (4500-2500 BC) 290 species, Charak Samhita (700 BC) and Sushrut Samhita (200 BC) had described properties and uses of 1100 and 1270 species respectively, in compounding of drugs and these are still used in the classical formulations, in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. (Joy, P.P., 2001) Sources of medicinal drugs: The drugs are derived either from the whole plant or from different organs, like leaves, stem, bark, root, flower, seed, etc. Some drugs are prepared from excretory plant product such as gum, resins and latex. Plants, especially used in Ayurveda can provide biologically active molecules and lead structures for the development of modified derivatives with enhanced activity and /or reduced toxicity. Some important chemical intermediates needed for manufacturing the modern drugs are also obtained from plants (Eg. ÃŽÂ ²-ionone).The forest in India is the principal(diosgenin, solasodine) repository of large number of medicinal and aromatic plants, which are largely collected as raw materials for manufacture of drugs and perfumery products. The small fraction of flowering plants that have so far been investigated have yielded about 120 therapeutic agents of known structure from about 90 species of plants. Some of the useful plant drugs include vinblastine, vincristine, taxol, podophyllo toxin, camptothecin, digitoxigenin, gitoxigenin, digoxigenin, tubocurarine, morphine, codeine, aspirin, atropine, pilocarpine, capscicine, allicin, curcumin, artemisinin and ephedrine among others. (Joy, P.P., 2001) History of herbal medicine: Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Folk (tribal) medicines are the major systems of indigenous medicines. Among these systems, Ayurveda is most developed and widely practiced in India. Ayurveda dating back to 1500-800 BC has been an integral part of Indian culture. The term comes from the Sanskrit root Au (life) and Veda (knowledge). As the name implies it is not only the science of treatment of the ill but covers the whole gamut of happy human life involving the physical, metaphysical and the spiritual aspects. Ayurveda is gaining prominence as the natural system of health care all over the world. Today this system of medicine is being practiced in countries like Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Pakistan, while the traditional system of medicine in the other countries like Tibet, Mongolia and Thailand appear to be derived from Ayurveda. Phytomedicines are also being used increasingly in Western Europe. Recently the US Government has established the Office of Alternative Medicine at the National Institute of Health at Bethesda and its support to alternative medicine includes basic and applied research in traditional systems of medicines such as Chinese, Ayurvedic. (Joy, P.P., 2001) Disadvantages: A major lacuna in Ayurveda is the lack of drug standardization, information and quality control. Most of the Ayurvedic medicines are in the form of crude extracts which are a mixture of several ingredients and the active principles when isolated individually fail to give desired activity. This implies that the activity of the extract is the synergistic effect of its various components. About 121 (45 tropical and 76 subtropical) major plant drugs have been identified for which no synthetic one is currently available. The scientific study of traditional medicines, derivation of drugs through bio prospecting and systematic conservation of the concerned medicinal plants is of great importance. Unfortunately, much of the ancient knowledge and many valuable plants are being lost at an alarming rate. Red Data Book of India has 427 entries of endangered species of which 28 are considered extinct, 124 endangered, 81 vulnerable, 100 rare and 34 insufficiently known species (Thomas, 1997).There are basically two scientific techniques of conservation of genetic diversity of these plants. They are the in situ and ex situ method of conservation. (Joy, P.P., 2001) In Situ conservation of medicinal plants: It is only in nature that plant diversity at the genetic, species and eco-system level can be conserved on long-term basis. (www.ggssc.net) It is necessary to conserve in distinct, representative bio geographic zones inter and intra specific genetic variation. Ex situ conservation of medicinal plants: A. Ethno-medicinal plant gardens: Creation of a network of regional and sub-regional ethno-medicinal plant gardens which should contain accessions of all the medicinal plants known to the various ethnic communities in different regions of India. This chain of gardens will act as regional repositories of our cultural and ethno medicinal history and embody the living traditions of our societys knowledge of medicinal plants. (www.ggssc.net) Current status: There are estimated to be around 50 such gardens in the country ranging from acre to 40 acres some of them were set up by an All India Health Network (AHN). More recently a network of 15 such gardens has been set up in 3 states of South India with the initiative of FRLHT. One of the gardens is located in TBGRI, (Tropical botanical garden research institute) Palode at Thiruvananthapuram. B. Gene banks: In India there is a large number of medicinal plant species are under various degrees of threat. The precautionary principles would suggest that an immediate and country-wide exercise be taken up to deposit seeds of wild medicinal plants with a first priority to known Red listed species and endemic species. Current status: The department of bio-technology, Government of India has recently taken the initiative to establish 3 gene banks in the country. One is with ICAR at the NBPGR (National Bureau of plant genetic Resources) Campus, the second is with CIMAPs, (Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic plants) Luck now and the third with TBFRI in Thiruvananthapuram. C. Nursery network: The most urgent and primary task in order to ensure immediate availability of plants and planting materials to various user groups is to promote a nationwide network of medicinal plant nurseries, which will multiply all the regional specific plants that are used in the current practice of traditional medicine. These nurseries should become the primary sources of supply of plants and seed material that can be subsequently multiplied by the various users. Current status: Planting material for 40 odd species of medicinal and aromatic plants is reportedly available in the ICAR and CSIR (CIMAP) network. In South India FRLHT (Foundation for Rural Revitalization of Local Health Tradition) has recently set up a network of 55 supply nurseries. D. Cultivation of medicinal plants: Figures projecting demand and trade in medicinal plant species globally indicate a step upward trend in the near future. One estimate puts the figure of world trade in medicinal plants and related products at US $ 5 trillion by A.D. 2050 (world bank report , 1996).The demand so far has been met mainly from wild sources. This cant go on for much longer; policy intervention is urgently needed to encourage and facilitate investments into commercial cultivation of medicinal plants. (Joy, P.P., 2001) Cultivation of medicinal plants is inversely linked to prevalence of easy and cheap collection from the wild, lack of regulation in trade, cornering of the profits from wild collection by a vast network of traders and middlemen and absence of industrys interest in providing buy-back guarantees to growers. Current status: In the Govt. sector agro-technology of 40 odd species has been developed by ICAR Agricultural University System and CSIR (CIMAOs RRL, Jammu and Jorhat). In recent years industries like Dabur, Zandu, Indian Herbs, Arya Vaidya Shala, and Arya Vaidya Pharmacy and others have made some symbolic efforts to initiate cultivation. Since1984 NABARD (National Bank of Agricultural and Rural Development) has formulated schemes for financing cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. E. Community based enterprises: The income generated by the traditional medicine industry benefits small section of the society. A strong case exists for promotion of community level enterprises for value addition to medicinal plants through simple, on site techniques like drying, cleaning, crushing, powdering, grading, packaging etc. This will also increase the stake of rural communities in conservation and change the skewed nature of income distribution of the industry. Current status: Three community based enterprises are known in south India, one in Gandhi gram Trust, (Dindigul), Premade development Society (Peer made) Kerala and the third by VGKK in B.R.Hills, Mysore. Importance of Herbal Medicines: Herbal medicines are prepared from a variety of plant material such as leaves, stems, roots, bark, etc. They usually contain many biologically active ingredients and are used primarily for treating mild or chronic ailments. (www.ggssc.net) Herbal remedies can also be purchased in the form of pills, capsules or powders, or in more concentrated liquid forms called extracts and tinctures. They can apply topically in creams or ointments, soaked into cloths and used as compresses, or applied directly to the skin as poultices. A combination therapy integrating ayurveda and allopathy whereby the side effects and undesirable reactions could be controlled can be thought of. Studies can show that the toxic effects of radiations and chemotherapy in cancer treatment could be reduced by Ayurvedic medications and similarly surgical wound healing could be accelerated by Ayurvedic medicines. Modern science and technology have an essential role to play in the process. Systems of Medicine: There are mainly 3 systems of medicine practiced in the world today. They are, Modern System of medicine or Allopathy: This system was developed in the Western countries. In this system drugs (tablets, capsules, injections, tonics etc.) are manufactured using synthetic chemicals and / or chemicals derived from natural products like plants, animals, minerals etc. This system also uses modern equipment for diagnosis, analysis, surgery etc. Medicines or drugs of this system is often criticized for its treatment of the symptoms rather than the cause of the disease, harmful side effects of certain drugs and for being out of reach of common / poor people due to the high cost of drugs and treatment. This system is used in all the countries of the world today. (www.ggssc.net) Alternative Medicine or Traditional System: Different countries of the world developed independently their own traditional systems of medicine using locally available materials like minerals and products of plants and animals. (www.ggssc.net) The World Health Organization (WHO) is giving importance to these alternate medicine systems to provide Primary Health Care to millions of people in the developing countries. Development of herbal medicine: China developed the Chinese system of medicine, which is practiced in China, Singapore, Taiwan, Japan and other countries. In India, Ayurveda (developed in North India), Siddha (developed in Tamil Nadu) and Nagarjuna (developed in Andhra Pradesh) systems of medicine were developed. Ayurveda is practiced in Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh also. Herbo-mineral is another traditional system used in India and other neighbouring countries. Drugs (balms, oils, pills, tonics, paste etc) are manufactured and marketed in these systems. (Joy, P.P., 2001) Advantages of traditional medicine: Traditional systems of medicine continue to be widely practiced on many accounts. Population rise, inadequate supply of drugs, prohibitive cost of treatments, side effects of several allopathic drugs and development of resistance to currently used drugs for infectious diseases have led to increased emphasis on the use of plant materials as a source of medicines for a wide variety of human ailments. Folk Medicine or tribal medicine: The medicinal systems followed by various tribals of different countries are popularly known as folk or tribal medicine. In the system, the medicine man or the doctor of the tribe who has the knowledge of treating diseases, keeps this knowledge as a closely guarded secret and passes it to the next generation by word of mouth. No written texts on these systems are available and different tribes follow different time tested methods. The treatment is often associated with lengthy and mystic rituals, in addition to prescription of drugs (decoctions, pastes, powders, oils, ashed materials etc.). Generally speaking, folk medicine can also be regarded as a traditional system of medicine. The basic aim of all the above systems of medicine is to alleviate the sufferings of human beings and their domesticated animals. (www.ggssc.net) Other Systems of medicine: Yoga, Acupressure, Acupuncture, Reiki, Magneto therapy, Pyramid therapy, Flower therapy, Homeopathy, Nature Cure or Naturopathy etc. are some of the other systems of medicine practiced in different parts of the world today. Utilization of Herbal Plants: The utility of medicinal plants has four major segments they are, Medicinal plants utilized in indigenous or traditional systems of medicines (ISM) Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy systems of medicines , OTC (over the country, non-prescription) items / products involving plant parts, extracts galenicals etc. , Essential oils , Phyto pharmaceuticals or plants used in modern systems of medicine. (www.ggssc.net) Medicinal plants used in Traditional Systems of Medicine: As its name implies, it is the part of tradition of each country which employs practices that have been handed down from generation to generation. An important feature of traditional therapy is the preference of practitioner for compound prescriptions over single substance/drug as it is being held that some constituents are effective only in the presence of others. This renders assessment of efficacy and eventually identification of active principles as required in international standards much difficult than for simple preparation. In India, earlier the medicines used in indigenous systems of medicines were generally prepared by the practicing physicians by themselves, but now this practice has been largely replaced by the establishment of organized indigenous drug industries. It is estimated that at present there are more than 1, 00,000 licensed registered practitioners of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani medicine or Homeopathy. In fact reliable data on availability in different regions of country as well as supply and demand of medicinal plants used in production of indigenous medicines are not available. (www.ggssc.net) Plants-parts, extracts and galenicals of medicinal herbs: The direct utilization of plant material is not only a feature of ISM in the developing world but also in developed countries like USA, UK, Germany etc., the various herbal formulations are sold on health food shops. Preparation of decoctions, tinctures, galenicals and total extracts of plants also form a part of many pharmacopoeias of the world. The current trend of medicinal plants based drug industry is to procedure standard extracts of plants as raw material. (www.ggssc.net) Essential Oils from herbal plants: The essential oil industry was traditionally a cottage industry in India. Since 1947, a number of industrial companies have been established for large scale production of essential oils, oleoresins and perfumes. The essential oil from plants includes Ajowan oil, Eucalyptus oil, Geranium oil, Lavender oil, Palmarosa oil, Patchouli oil, Rose oil, Sandalwood oil, Turpentine oil and Vetiver oil. Phyto-pharmaceuticals of medicinal plants: During the past decades, bulk production of plant based drugs has become an important segment of Indian pharmaceutical industry. Some of the Phyto-pharmaceuticals which are produced in India at present include Morphine, codeine, papaverine (Papaver somniferum), quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine (Cinchona sp., C.calisaya, C. Hyoscine, hyoscyamine (Hyocyamus Niger and H. muticus), colchicine (Gloriosa superbad, Colchicum luteum and Iphigenia stellata), cephaeline and emetin (Cephalis ipacacuanha), sennosides A B (Cassia angustifolia and C. acutifolia), reserpine, rescinnamine, ajmalicine and ajmaline (Rauvolfia serpentina); vinblastine and vincristine, ajmalicine (raubacine) (Catharanthus roseus); guggul lipid (Commiphora wightii); taxol (Taxus baccata); artemisinin (Artemisai annua) etc. (www.ggssc.net) CLASSIFICATION OF HERBAL PLANTS: They are classified according to the part used, habit, habitat, therapeutic value etc, besides the usual botanical classification.Based on Therapeutic value they are classified as follows. Anti malarial : Cinchona officinalis, Artemisia annua ,Anticancer : Catharanthus roseus, Taxus baccata ,Antiulcer : Azadirachta indica, Glycyrrhiza glabra , Antidiabetic : Catharanthus roseus, Momordica charantia , Anticholesterol : Allium sativum Anti inflammatory : Curcuma domestica, Desmodium gangeticum , Antiviral : Acacia catechu Antibacterial : Plumbago indica , Antifungal : Allium sativum , Antiprotozoal : Ailanthus sp., Cephaelis ipacacuanha , Antidiarrhoeal : Psidium guava, Curcuma domestica , Hypotensive : Coleus forskohlii, Alium sativum , Tranquilizing : Rauvolfia serpentina , Anaesthetic : Erythroxylum coca , Spasmolytic : Atropa belladona, Hyoscyamus niger , Diuretic : Phyllanthus niruri, Centella asiatica , Astringent : Piper betel, Abrus precatorius Anthelmentic : Quisqualis indica, Punica granatum , Cardio tonic : Digitalis sp., Thevetia sp. Antiallergic : Nandina domestica, Scutellaria baicalensis ,Hepatoprotective : Silybum marianum, Andrographis paniculata. (Joy, P.P., 2001) Safety of medicinal plants: The safety and effectiveness of alternative medicines have not be been scientifically proven and remains largely unknown. A number of herbs are thought to be likely to cause adverse effects. Furthermore, adulteration, inappropriate formulation, or lack of understanding of plant and drug interactions have led to adverse reactions that are sometimes life threatening or lethal. Proper double-blind clinical trials are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of each plant before they can be recommended for medical use. Although many consumers believe that herbal medicines are safe because they are natural, herbal medicines may interact with synthetic drugs causing toxicity to the patient, may have contamination that is a safety consideration, and herbal medicines, without proven efficacy, may be used to replace medicines that have a proven efficacy. (Joy, P.P., 2001) Eg: Ephedra has been known to have numerous side effects, including severe skin reactions, irritability, nervousness, dizziness, trembling, headache, insomnia, profuse perspiration, dehydration, itchy scalp and skin, vomiting, hyperthermia, irregular heartbeat, seizures, heart attack, stroke, or death. Poisonous plants which have limited medicinal effects are often not sold in material doses in the United States or are available only to trained practitioners, these include: Aconite, Arnica, Belladonna, Bryonia, Datura, Gelsemium, Henbane, Male Fern Phytolacca, Podophyllum andVeratrum. Furthermore, herbs such as Lobelia, Ephedra and Eonymus that cause nausea, sweating, and vomiting, have been traditionally prized for this action. Plants such as Comfrey and Petasites have specific toxicity due to hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid content. There are other plant medicines which require caution or can interact with other medications, including St. Johns wort and grapefruit. (Phytotherapy , www.wikipedia.com) INTRODUCTION TO DIABETES MELLITUS In recent years, developed nations have witnessed an explosive increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) predominantly related to lifestyle changes and the resulting surge in obesity. The metabolic consequences of prolonged hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, including accelerated atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, and blindness, pose an enormous burden on patients with diabetes mellitus and on the public health system. (Goodman Gilmans, 2006) In 1869, a German medical student, Paul Langerhans, noted that the pancreas contains two distinct groups of cells the acinar cells, which secrete digestive enzymes, and cells that are clustered in islands, or islets, which he suggested, served a second function. Direct evidence for this function came in 1889, when Minkowski and von Mering showed that pancreatectomized dogs exhibit a syndrome similar to diabetes mellitus in humans (Goodman Gilmans,2006) In the early 1900s, Gurg Zuelzer, an internist in Berlin, attempted to treat a dying diabetic patient with extracts of pancreas. Although the patient improved temporarily, he sank back into a coma and died when the supply of extract was exhausted. E.L. Scott, a student at the University of Chicago, made another early attempt to isolate an active principle in 1911. Using alcoholic extracts of the pancreas Scott treated several diabetic dogs with encouraging results; however, he lacked clear measures of control of blood glucose concentrations, Between 1916 and 1920, the Romanian physiologist Nicolas Paulesco found that injections of pancreatic extracts reduced urinary sugar and ketones in diabetic dogs. Although he published the results of his experiments, their significance was fully appreciated only years later. (Goodman Gilmans, 2006) Banting assumed that the islets secreted insulin but that the hormone was destroyed by proteolytic digestion prior to or during extraction. Together with Charles Best, he attempted to overcome the problem by ligating the pancreatic ducts. The acinar tissue degenerated, leaving the islets undisturbed; the remaining tissue then was extracted with ethanol and acid. Banting and Best thus obtained a pancreatic extract that decreased the concentration of blood glucose in diabetic dogs. (Goodman Gilmans, 2006) Insulin was purified and crystallized by Abel within a few years of its discovery. Sanger established the amino acid sequence of insulin in 1960, the protein was synthesized in 1963, and Hodgkin and coworkers elucidated insulins three-dimensional structure in 1972. Insulin was the hormone for which Yalow and Berson first developed the radioimmunoassay (Goodman Gilmans, 2006) Insulin regulation is achieved by the coordinated interplay of various nutrients, gastrointestinal hormones, pancreatic hormones, and autonomic neurotransmitters. Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and ketone bodies promote the secretion of insulin. The islets of Langerhans are richly innervated by both adrenergic and cholinergic nerves. Stimulation of a2 adrenergic receptors inhibits insulin secretion, whereas b2 adrenergic receptor agonists and vagal nerve stimulation enhance release. In general, any condition that activates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (such as hypoxia, hypoglycemia, exercise, hypothermia, surgery, or severe burns) suppresses the secretion of insulin by stimulation of ÃŽÂ ±2-adrenergic receptors. Predictably, ÃŽÂ ±2 adrenergic receptor antagonists increase basal concentrations of insulin in plasma, and ÃŽÂ ²2 adrenergic receptor antagonists decrease them. The sugar is more effective in provoking insulin secretion when taken orall y than when administered intravenously because the ingestion of glucose (or food) induces the release of gastrointestinal hormones and stimulates vagal activity. Several gastrointestinal hormones promote the secretion of insulin. The most potent of these are gastrointestinal inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Insulin release also is stimulated by gastrin, secretin, Cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, and Enteroglucagon. (Goodman Gilmans, 2006) Distribution: Insulin circulates in blood as the free monomer, and its volume of distribution approximates the volume of extracellular fluid. Under fasting conditions, the pancreas secretes about 40 mg (1 unit) of insulin per hour into the portal vein to achieve a concentration of insulin in portal blood of 2 to 4 ng/ml (50 to 100 minutes/ml) and in the peripheral circulation of 0.5 ng/ml (12 minutes/ml) or about 0.1 nM. After ingestion of a meal, there is a rapid rise in the concentration of insulin in portal blood, followed by a parallel but smaller rise in the peripheral circulation. (Goodman Gilmans, 2006) Half Life: The half-life of insulin in plasma is about 5 to 6 minutes in normal subjects and patients with uncomplicated diabetes. This value may be increased in diabetics who develop anti-insulin antibodies. (Goodman Gilmans, 2006) Metabolism: Degradation of insulin occurs primarily in liver, kidney, and muscle. About 50% of the insulin that reaches the liver via the portal vein is destroyed and never reaches the general circulation. Insulin is filtered by the renal glomeruli and is reabsorbed by the tubules, which also degrade it. Severe impairment of renal function appears to affect the rate of disappearance of circulating insulin to a greater extent than does hepatic disease. Peripheral tissues such as fat also inactivate insulin, but this is of less significance quantitatively. The important target tissues for regulation of glucose homeostasis by insulin are liver, muscle, and fat, but insulin exerts potent regulatory effects on other cell types as well. Insulin is the primary hormone responsible for controlling the uptake, use, and storage of cellular nutrients. (Goodman Gilmans, 2006) DIABETES MELLITUS: Diabetes mellitus (DM) consists of a group of syndromes characterized by hyperglycemia; altered metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins; and an increased risk of complications from vascular disease. Most patients can be classified clinically as having either type 1 or type 2 DM. Criteria for the diagnosis of DM have been proposed by several medical organizations. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria include symptoms of DM (e.g., polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss) and a random plasma glucose concentration of greater than 200 mg/dl (11.1 mM), a fasting plasma glucose concentration of greater than 126 ml/dl (7 mM), or a plasma glucose concentration of greater than 200 mg/dl (11 mM) 2 hours after the ingestion of an oral glucose load In the United States, about 5% to 10% of all diabetic patients have type 1 DM, with an incidence of 18 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. A similar incidence is found in the United Kingdom. The incidence of type 1 DM in Europe varies with latitude. The highest rates occur in northern Europe (Finland, 43 per 100,000) and the lowest in the south (France and Italy, 8 per 100,000). The one exception to this rule is the small island of Sardinia, close to Italy, which has an incidence of 30 per 100,000. However, even the relatively low incidence rates of type 1 DM in southern Europe are far higher than the rates in Japan (1 per 100,000 inhabitants). There are more than 125 million persons with diabetes in the world today, and by 2010, this number is expected to approach 220 million. (Goodman Gilmans, 2006) Both type 1 and type 2 DM are increasing in frequency. The reason for the increase of type 1 DM is not known. The genetic basis for type 2 DM cannot change in such a short time; thus other contributing factors, including increasing age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and low birth weight, must account for this dramatic increase. In addition, type 2 DM is being diagnosed with remarkable frequency in preadolescents and adolescents. Up to 45% of newly diagnosed children and adolescents have type 2 DM. There are genetic and environmental components that affect the risk of developing either type 1 or type 2 DM Types: Diabetes can be divided into two groups based on their requirements for insulin includes, (Pharmainfo.net) Type I: Insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM] Type II: Non- insulin dependent diabetes [NIDDM] Type I: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: A burst of insulin secretion normally occurs after ingestion of a meal in response to transient increase in the levels of circulating glucose and amino acids. In the post operative period, low, basal levels of circulating insulin are maintained through beta cell secretion. However type one diabetic has virtually no functional beta cells. Treatment: Type I diabetic must rely on exogenous (injected) insulin in order to control hyperglycemia, maintain acceptable levels of Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and avoid ketoacidosis. The goal in administering insulin to type I diabetic is to maintain blood glucose concentrations as close to normal as possible and

An Analysis of the Kenyan Mobile Phone Market Essay

The stage is thus set for fierce competition among Mobile service providers in Kenya with possible positive benefits for the millions of mobile subscribers in the country. . 2 Technology According to Laudon(2006:292), â€Å"mobile phones enable millions of people to communicate and access the internet †¦. where conventional telephone and internet services are expensive or unavailable†. It is not surprising then that in a country such as Kenya with poor or little infrastructure in the form of fixed telephone lines, developed transport systems and computer facilities that a large percentage of the population has resorted to using mobile phones to communicate , do business and enhance their lives. According to Menguy, T (2007), in 1990, only 48. % of long distance calls and 53. 7% of domestic calls were being completed successfully using a fixed line. State owned fixed line operator Telkom Kenya has been regarded as a â€Å"low performer with no competition†. Laudon ( 2006:292) highlights that the global standard for cellular service is GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) which is also currently being used by the Safaricom and Celtel networks. Using the GSM band users are able to retain the same number while being able to roam across national borders to nearby countries such as Uganda and Tanzania (BBC News as reported by Karobia, C,). Although the benefits and features of smart phones are widely known and used by the western world developing companies such as Kenya as still getting used to the idea of having a phone that does nearly everything for them. Safaricom is only introducing 3G and video calling including other value adding services to Kenyans next year (Arunga, J and Kahora, B (2007:12)) which undoubtedly will only enhance the lives of Kenyans. 1. 3 Foreign Trade Policy During the 1980’s until 1990’s, Kenya’s poor relations with donors resulted in heavy domestic borrowing and higher interest rates which resulted in poor economic growth. According to Wagacha, M, (2008:12) trade policies in Kenya underwent reformation in 1990 which resulted in greater trade openness (such as the CCK’s decision to issue more mobile phone licences to companies). The Trade Openness Index is an indication of the ability of country to trade and is calculated by adding imports and exports of company and representing it as a fraction of GDP. Wagacha, M (2008:12) highlights that the trade openness index for Kenya was an average of 46. 4% during 1997 to 2003 . The higher the trade openness the more open the country is to trade and the higher the growth. A country such as Uganda had an openness index of 26. 7 which indicates that Kenya has better trade policies and a better chance of growth as compared to Uganda. In addition to this Apoteker, T and Crozet, E (2003:7) argue that better trade openness results in †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Innovation and efficient production in a smaller number of goods [and allows Kenya]†¦. to compete internationally. Greater variety of goods available to consumers thus increasing the consumer Surplus and satisfying the consumers’ â€Å"demand of difference†. †¢[The] Adoption of sound policies to make sure the country is attractive to investors. †¢Capital flows can enhance domestic investment rates. From capital-rich to capital-poor countries, they can improve the rate of capi tal accumulation in the latter†. According to Arunga, J and Kahora, B (2007:7) prior to 1998 all telecommunications in Kenya was owned and controlled by the state owned company Kenya Posts and Telecommunications (KP&C). Wagacha, M (2008:16) highlights that more than 200 transnational corporations are operating in Kenya successfully, in many industries not limited just to the mobile phone sector. However trade reforms and governmental corruption have always influenced investment from foreign companies. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) may be regarded as the commitment by developed countries to facilitate the access of new technologies, markets, products, process and skills and most importantly funds to the developing or emerging country to improve and strengthen the economic development of the developing country such as Kenya. In1999 the Kenyan government approved the new act proposed by the Communication Commission of Kenya(CCK) which made KP&C redundant with the intention of opening up the industry to invite competition from foreign and local service providers. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) as cited by Van Vuuren, H (2002:1) also describes â€Å"private capital flows to Africa, as an essential component of a sustainable long-term approach to filling the resource gap†. However bribery and corruption in the Kenyan government and the government’s interference in the mobile phone industry is well known. In 2005 Econet Wireless paid US$ 15 m for phone network licence which according to Arunga, J and Kahora, B (2007:7) was illegally cancelled by the Kenyan Minister of Information and Communications. The same minister was also accused of illegally cancelling a tendering process for a second fixed line operator and is alleged to have a vested interest in monopolised Telkom Kenya. The Competition Commission of Kenya (CCk) which was formed in the first place to invite foreign and local investment in the mobile industry has since been dissolved due to governmental interference in a highly political industry. Today nearly 100’s of companies are still waiting for their licences to be issued which now rests with government which is trying to regulate the industry with a political agenda which is counter productive to stimulating sustainable long term growth to reduce poverty (Wagacha, 2008). 1. 4 Economy Table 1 below shows some key statistics on Kenya. According to the information presented in the table it can be seen that Kenya has an average population of 34. 7million people and 52% of the Kenyan population is below the poverty line. Table 1: Key Statistics for Kenya

How Important Is It to Maintain Confidentiality in a Childcare Setting? Essay

How important is it to maintain confidentiality in a childcare setting? When in a childcare setting it is vital to maintain confidentiality in different areas not just for the Child’s welfare but the families as well! Confidential information must not be shared outside of the setting E.G family or friends. The following examples are to be kept confidential; enrolment forms, family’s health insurance information, health screenings and records, including immunization records, emergency contact information, contact information for those authorized to pick up child, emergency care consent forms , consent forms (permission slips) for outings or special activities, names of regular medical or dental providers who know the child, nutritional restrictions, progress reports, child observation logs, parent conference logs, medication logs, documentation of medical, behavioural or developmental evaluations, referrals or follow-ups, addressing issues relevant to the child’s participation in the program, documentation of any injury occurring at the program site and the steps taken to address the situation. While the rights and desires of families to keep their personal details private are important, there are also some circumstances under which identifying information should be shared for example; Program staff and the â€Å"need to know (might have a dietary or medical requirements so the cook or nurse will need to know) Outbreaks of reportable illness or Outbreaks of reportable illness as the information might be vital and used to saved the children’s life or keep them healthy. One way to differentiate whether the information is confidential or not would be to think â€Å"Is this common knowledge or do I know it because my position in the setting† as all children, families and young people have a right to confidentiality. So always ask your supervisor if you aren’t sure about what information is appropriate to disclose to different people. In addition all information needs to be store properly- in a secure place. If this isn’t possible make sure you donâ €™t discuss the information apart from those directly responsible for the care of the child. Technology is advancing but this still doesn’t escape the laws. Read more:  Maintaining an Individual’s Confidentiality and Disclosing Concerns There is legislation that defines in what ways personal information can be used; The Data Protection Act 1998 (was created to protect individual’s rights and to prevent breaches or information.) It applies whether or not they are kept on the computer Maintaining confidentiality protects children and their families from gossip but also prevents situations of an abuser mounts a legal defence based on tampering of evidence so it is essential that you don’t talk to anyone other than those directly involved about your concerns or about what a child has told you. As anything you learn about children or their families or other during the course of your practice is likely to be very confidential. When working with other professional it is most likely you will hear comments and remarks that aren’t anticipated to be repeated outside of the meeting/ conversation. You may be given documents that cover sensitive areas- this means that you need to keep the information confiden tial but also in a safe and secure lock up. Photography is an ever increasing technology and can be a brilliant way to have evidence for observations or practical’s but there are some basic rules that you have to follow to maintain confidentially when taking photographs; ALWAYS Have permission from the parents of the child that you a photographing, Only use a school camera as this ensures that the photographs don’t make it out of the school, although the parent says it okay the child might not when you are taking the photo always keep this in mind, If the parent(s) don’t want their child to be in the picture then make sure that they STAY OUT of it or you can cut/ bur them out of the photo. When doing observations you need to maintain confidentiality in the following ways; only using the Childs first names, change the children’s names if they are unusual or could lead to the child be identified in any way, give the type of setting rather than the name of the settings EG â€Å"a primary school† rather than â€Å"The John Warner primary school†. Write the children’s age as years and months rather than the date of birth as they can be easily identified, photographic records should not be used unless permission is gained from the child’s parents and the setting lastly make sure the files have a contacting telephone number so they can be returned safely if lost. Lastly it is vital that as a practitioner that we maintain confidentiality as our main priority is the welfare of child and their development. If you breach confidentiality then you are putting the child at a very high risk, whether this is of kidnapping, sexual, emotional or physical abuse, there are laws and moral rules for a reason as it should be the child’s interest at heart at all times. Secondly you should always maintain confidentiality to keep a good relationship with the parents. You are in charge of the apple of their eye and they are trusting you with the Childs life thus it is vital to maintain a good and healthy relationship with the c hild’s parents. If you don’t this might result with them taking them out of the current school and you losing your job. Overall you should always make sure that the person who is picking the child up has the right of access as this could lead into very bad situations of the child being abducted. It is vital that you don’t break the trust with the family. The child might suffer abuse so you should take the right steps (Talking to your child protection officer) and no one else unless directly involved with the child’s welfare. When passing on information make it is to the correct people as the child might not be telling the truth and putting the child and family in danger for no reason. Don’t repeat anything your team says that you think is confidential. If you hear something that is being talked about them distract them- if it is a parent just talk to them about how well their child is doing but if it is a member of staff take them to one side and talk to them. With any serious or sensitive issues with children ( break ups, deaths etc†¦) then you need to tell your supervisor immediately and instead of asking the child to tell you a good way to get their emotions out is to write it down ( if old enough). Always ensure that children’s names are remained confidential e.g.; in observations etc†¦ If you are going arrange to talk to anyone about a confident matter then always arrange a confidential area so no one will come in and hear/ see what you are discussing. Always obtain permission for photographs/ videos of a child. Make sure there is no mistrial as to many questions could lead a child on and not tell the truth, get a professional in to deal with the matter. Lastly the data protection acts has 8 principles that state all about maintain confidentially with any documentation in any situation, this is the law. Overall it is vital that you as a professional practitioner you always maintain confidentiality of the setting/ children/ families as it can put many people at risk or a endless list of dangers.